{"id":1461,"date":"2021-12-29T00:46:12","date_gmt":"2021-12-28T21:46:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/maiet.cfuv.ru\/?page_id=1461"},"modified":"2021-12-29T00:46:13","modified_gmt":"2021-12-28T21:46:13","slug":"issledovanie-materiala-serdechnika-zolotnyx-nitej-iz-plitovyx-mogil-xiv-v-na-plato-eski-kermen","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/maiet.cfuv.ru\/en\/arxiv-2015-g\/vypusk-xxvi-2021-g\/issledovanie-materiala-serdechnika-zolotnyx-nitej-iz-plitovyx-mogil-xiv-v-na-plato-eski-kermen\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043b XIV \u0432. \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043e \u042d\u0441\u043a\u0438-\u041a\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

A Research of the Material of the Core of Metal Threads from the Fourteenth-Century Slabbed Graves at the Plateau of Eski-Kermen<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

JOURNAL:<\/b><\/span><\/span> Materials in Archaeology, History and Ethnography of Tauria, 2021, Volume XXVI<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Publication text (PDF):<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/b>Download<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

AUTHORS:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pojidaev Victor M.<\/b><\/span><\/span>, <\/b><\/span><\/span>National Research Center \u201cKurchatov Institute\u201d, Moscow, Russia<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Kamaev Andrey V., <\/b><\/span><\/span>National Research Center \u201cKurchatov Institute\u201d, Moscow, Russia<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Loboda Anastasia Yu.<\/b><\/span><\/span>, <\/b><\/span><\/span>National Research Center \u201cKurchatov Institute\u201d<\/i><\/span><\/span>;<\/i><\/span> National Research Center \u201cKurchatov Institute\u201d \u2013 IREA, Moscow, Russia<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Tereschenko Elena Yu., <\/b><\/span><\/span>National Research Center \u201cKurchatov Institute\u201d<\/i><\/span><\/span>;<\/i><\/span> National Research Center \u201cKurchatov Institute\u201d \u2013 IREA<\/i><\/span><\/span>;<\/i><\/span> Federal Research Center \u201cCrystallography and Photonics\u201d RAS, Moscow, Russia<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Khairedinova Elzara A., <\/b><\/span><\/span>Institute of Archaeology of the Crimea, Russian Academy of Sciences, Simferopol, Russia<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Yatsishina Ekaterina B.<\/b><\/span><\/span>,<\/b><\/span> National Research Center \u201cKurchatov Institute\u201d<\/i><\/span><\/span>;<\/i><\/span> National Research Center \u201cKurchatov Institute\u201d \u2013 IREA, Moscow, Russia<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

TYPE: <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>Article<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

DOI: <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/<\/span><\/span>10.37279\/2413-189\u0425.2021.26.<\/span><\/span>246-254<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

PAGES: <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>from <\/span><\/span><\/span>246<\/span><\/span>\u00a0to <\/span><\/span><\/span>2<\/span><\/span><\/span>54<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

STATUS: <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>Published<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

LANGUAGE: <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>Russian<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

KEYWORDS: <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>ancient town of Eski-Kermen, slabbed graves, costume of the mediaeval Crimean population, metal threads, gas chromatography \u2013 mass spectrometry<\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span>GC\/MS<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

ABSTRACT (ENGLISH):<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

In 2020, the excavations of the fourteenth-century burials in slabbed graves 5\/2020 and 8\/2020 located in front of the main basilica in the central area of the town atop of the plateau of Eski-Kermen discovered metal threads of thin strips of precious metal spirally wound round the core. The present research analyses the material of this core. It is known that most often the strips of precious metal were wound around the core with protein base (silk, wool, or hair) or with cellulose base (linen, cotton, or hemp). The samples of three metal threads were analysed, though no preserved organic core was found in one of the samples. Electron microscopy of the threads recorded their fibrous core, thus showing that the base of metal threads was not hair, skin, or tendons. Further, the core material was investigated by gas chromatography \u2013 mass spectrometry. The research detected trace amounts of two amino-acids, glycine and alanine, which appeared in silk fibroin only. The results of this study suggest that the core of metal threads was made of silk cloth. This indicates an imported, probably Mediterranean origin of the metal threads found in the burials at Eski-Kermen plateau. The artefacts made of such threads were possibly brought to the Crimea by Genoese merchants. It is known that in the fourteenth century various silk cloths were a priority commodity in the trade carried on by the Italians in Caffa and the towns of Genoese Gazaria.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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7, \u0441. 9\u201310, 167\u2013181; 10, \u0441. 130\u2013132]<\/span>, \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u2013 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438 <\/span><\/span>[9, <\/span>c<\/span><\/span>. 235\u2013240; <\/span>17, \u0440. 55\u201360<\/span><\/span>]<\/span>. \u0412 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044b \u043a\u043e\u0436\u0438, \u0431\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0433\u0438, \u043a\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 <\/span><\/span>[1, \u0441. 138\u2013139, 142; 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\u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u044b \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u0437\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0439:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u2013 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0441\u043f\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0448\u043d\u0443\u0440 \u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043b\u044b 5\/2020, \u0432 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 (\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0438 1);<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u2013 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0448\u0435\u0438 (\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0438 2);<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u2013 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u0448\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438-\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043b\u0435 8\/2020 (\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0438 3).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0439 [19] \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0437\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 (\u0440\u0438\u0441. 1). \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441, \u043a\u043e\u0436\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0439. \u0412 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u0435 \u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0439 2 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0433\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0445\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441-\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 (\u0413\u0425\/\u041c\u0421), \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043a<\/span> [12; 3; 15]. \u0418\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f <\/span><\/span>\u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0445\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0435 \u041d\u0420-6890 \u0441 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441-\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c MSD 5975 \u0444\u0438\u0440\u043c\u044b Agilent Technologies. \u0423\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0445\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f: \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u043b\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u041d\u0420-5ms \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 30 \u043c \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c 0.25 \u043c\u043c, \u0442\u043e\u043b\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u0437\u044b 0.25 \u043c\u043a\u043c. \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438 80\u00b0\u0421 (\u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 4 \u043c\u0438\u043d); \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043e\u0442 80 \u0434\u043e 280\u00b0\u0421 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e 4\u00b0\u0421\/\u043c\u0438\u043d. \u0412\u044b\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 10 \u043c\u0438\u043d. \u0413\u0430\u0437-\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u2013 \u0433\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0439, 1 \u043c\u043b\/\u043c\u0438\u043d, \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 1:10. \u0422\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f 280\u00b0\u0421, \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 280\u00b0\u0421. \u041e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u044b 1 \u043c\u043a\u043b. \u0414\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 50\u2013900 m\/z. \u0421\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2013 1.76 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\/\u0441, \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 70 \u044d\u0412, \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u2013 150 \u0438 230\u00b0\u0421. \u0418\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441-\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 NIST\/EPA\/NIH mass spectral library 2014.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0412 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0437\u044b, \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u2013 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u044b \u2013 \u043b\u0435\u043d, \u0445\u043b\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043a \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043b\u044f;<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2013 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u0448\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0448\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0439. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043d\u0430 (\u043b\u0435\u043d, \u0445\u043b\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043a, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043b\u044f) \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043b\u044e\u043b\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043d\u0430, <\/span>\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043a \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044e \u0449\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u044b <\/span>\u043a \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u0443 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438<\/span> 3% \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440 \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0423\u0417-\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0435 (60\u00b0\u0421, 15 \u043c\u0438\u043d). \u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0449\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0445\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043b\u044e\u043b\u043e\u0437\u044b.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0435 \u0433\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0437\u044b \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0448\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0448\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0412\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043d\u0430 \u0448\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0439: \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 8<\/span>\u2013<\/span>18% \u0448\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043b\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438 15% \u0441\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0430, \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u0436\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445\u00bb \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u0448\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0438\u0442\u0438, \u043a \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u0443 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0439 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 30 \u043c\u0433) \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438 1 \u043c\u043b \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 (\u0445\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430-\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043b\u0430, 2:1) \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0423\u0417-\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0435 (60\u00b0\u0421, 30 \u043c\u0438\u043d). \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438, \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438 2 \u043c\u043b 2% \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 80\u00b0\u0421 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 3 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u0445\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u043a \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438 3 \u043c\u043b \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0438 5 \u043c\u043b \u044d\u0444\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044f\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 10 \u043c\u0438\u043d. \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438, \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u0444\u0438\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0430. \u041e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0432 20 \u043c\u043a\u043b \u043d-\u0433\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0413\u0425\/\u041c\u0421. \u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u0436\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435\u00bb \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0428\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0431\u0435\u043b\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 [4, \u0441. 543], \u0430 \u0448\u0435\u043b\u043a \u2013 \u0438\u0437 \u0431\u0435\u043b\u043a\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0430 [5<\/span>, \u0441. 425]. \u0411\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b <\/span><\/span>\u043a \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0449\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0439<\/span>. \u041f\u043e\u0434 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c 3<\/span><\/span>\u2013<\/span>5% \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0449\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0447\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043e 90<\/span><\/span>\u2013<\/span>100\u00b0\u0421, \u0448\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u044f \u043c\u0443\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440 \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0445\u043e\u043c. \u0424\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0438\u043d \u0448\u0435\u043b\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c 3<\/span><\/span>\u2013<\/span>5% \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0449\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0447\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0445\u0430. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0449\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0435 \u043a\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d \u0438 \u0444\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0438\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0449\u0435\u043f\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043f\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044f\u043c \u0441 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0430\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0442. \u0412 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u0430\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0448\u0435\u043b\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 60% \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0433\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d \u0438 \u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 35% \u0433\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438 25% \u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430) [5, \u0441. 425]. \u041a\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d \u0448\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 14% \u0433\u043b\u044e\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044b, 10<\/span><\/span>\u2013<\/span>12% \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 4 \u0438 7%, \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e [4, \u0441. 543]. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0414\u043b\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0448\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0448\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0442. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u0443, \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438 0,5 \u043c\u043b 3% \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0435 (25\u00b0\u0421, 15 \u043c\u0438\u043d). \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0449\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438 10% \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0434\u043e \u0440\u041d=3<\/span><\/span>\u2013<\/span>4 \u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0432\u0430\u043a\u0443\u0443\u043c\u0435 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 1 \u043c\u043c. \u0440\u0442. \u0441\u0442.) \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0441\u0447\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u043d\u0435 (45<\/span><\/span>\u2013<\/span>50\u00b0\u0421) \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0430. \u041a \u0441\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438 0,3 \u043c\u043b \u0411\u0421\u0422\u0424\u0410 (N,O-\u0431\u0438\u0441-(\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043b) \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0434, \u00abSupelco\u00bb \u043a\u0430\u0442. \u2116 33024). \u0420\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043a\u043b\u044f\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u043b\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u044b\u0448\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441 \u043c\u0435\u043c\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 1 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 90\u00b0\u0421. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u0445\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 (4000 \u043e\u0431\/\u043c\u0438\u043d, 10 \u043c\u0438\u043d), \u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0436\u0438\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0413\u0425\/\u041c\u0421. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0413\u0425\/\u041c\u0421 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0430\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0430\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0442 \u2013 \u0433\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430. \u0418\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0423\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0430\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0431\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0434\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0430\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0439. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0430\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0442, \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u0444\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0448\u0435\u043b\u043a\u0430 [5, \u0441. 425].<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u0448\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043d\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e, \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043e \u042d\u0441\u043a\u0438-\u041a\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d. \u0418\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0443\u044d\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043f\u0446\u044b. \u0418\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 <\/span><\/span>XIV<\/span><\/span><\/span> \u0432. \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0448\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0446\u044b \u0432 \u041a\u0430\u0444\u0444\u0435 \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u0413\u0435\u043d\u0443\u044d\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0413\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0438 [2, \u0441. 346].\"\"<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0420\u0438\u0441. 1.<\/b><\/span> \u0430<\/i><\/span> \u2013 \u0420\u042d\u041c-\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0439 3 \u0441 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0431<\/i><\/span> \u2013 \u0420\u042d\u041c-\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0439 1<\/span><\/p>\n

Fig. 1.<\/b><\/span><\/span> \u0430<\/i><\/span> \u2013 <\/span>SEM image of metal threads no. 3 with a core<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n

b<\/i><\/span><\/span> \u2013 SEM image of the core of metal threads no. 1<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

REFERENCES<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \n

    Dode Z.V. <\/span><\/span><\/span>Unique silk textile with \u201cdragons\u201d from the cemetery Dzhukhta (North Caucasus)<\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span>Rossiiskaia arkheologiia<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> [<\/span><\/span><\/span>Russian archeology<\/span><\/span><\/span>], 2005, no. 2, pp. 138\u2013150.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  2. \n

    Karpov S.P. <\/span><\/span><\/span>Genoese and Venetian trading posts in Crimea<\/span><\/span><\/span>. Iurasov A.V. (ed.), <\/span><\/span><\/span>Istoriia Kryma<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> [<\/span><\/span><\/span>History of Crimea<\/span><\/span><\/span>], vol. 1, Moscow, Kuchkovo pole Publ., 2017, pp. 314\u2013364. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  3. \n

    Kulikova I.S., Pozhidaev V.M., Kamaev A.V. Fat oxidation products \u2013 biomarkers of organic residues on archaeological ceramics. <\/span><\/span><\/span>Okislenie, okislitel’nyi stress, antioksidanty<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> [Oxidation, oxidative stress, antioxidants], Moscow, RUDN Publ., 2019. pp. 220\u2013222. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  4. \n

    Kratkaia khimicheskaia entsiklopediia<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> [<\/span><\/span><\/span>Brief chemical encyclopedia<\/span><\/span><\/span>]. Vol. 2, Moscow, Sovetskaia entsiklopediia Publ., 1963, 1088 p.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  5. \n

    Kratkaia khimicheskaia entsiklopediia<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> [<\/span><\/span><\/span>Brief chemical encyclopedia<\/span><\/span><\/span>]. Vol. 5, Moscow, Sovetskaia entsiklopediia Publ., 1967, 1184 p.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  6. \n

    Krupa T.N. <\/span><\/span><\/span>Investigation of the costume of the Golden Horde time from the mound of the 2<\/span><\/span><\/span>nd<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/span> group Tokovskie graves.<\/span><\/span><\/span> Evglevskii A.V. (ed.), <\/span><\/span><\/span>Stepi Evropy v epokhu srednevekov’ia<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> [<\/span><\/span><\/span>The steppes of Europe in the Middle Ages<\/span><\/span><\/span>], vol. 6, Donetsk, 2008, pp. 215\u2013268.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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